April 1998 Consumer Price Index

Historical release narrative reproduced from the official public-domain source. Statistical tables, standard technical appendices, administrative material and attendance rosters are omitted; formatting is adapted for reading. Figures retain the release's historical context and may have been revised. Consult the linked source for the complete document.

The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) rose 0.2 percent in April, before seasonal adjustment, to a level of 162.5 (1982- 84=100), the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. For the 12-month period ended in April, the CPI-U has increased 1.4 percent.

The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) rose 0.3 percent in April, prior to seasonal adjustment. The April 1998 CPI-W level of 159.1 was 1.2 percent higher than the index in April 1997.

CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U)

On a seasonally adjusted basis, the CPI-U rose 0.2 percent in April after being unchanged in March. The food index increased 0.1 percent. Grocery store food prices decreased 0.1 percent in April, the same as in each of the two preceding months. The energy index declined slightly, and by substantially less than in each of the previous four months. The index for petroleum-based energy decreased 0.9 percent, while the index for energy services increased 0.4 percent. Excluding food and energy, the CPI- U rose 0.3 percent, following an increase of 0.1 percent in March. Upturns in the indexes for tobacco and for used cars and trucks, coupled with a larger increase in shelter costs, were responsible for the acceleration.

*Revised, see note on page 3.

Beginning with release of the data for January 1999, the BLS will introduce a new formula for calculating the basic components of the CPI. See page 4 for more details.

The food and beverages index, which was unchanged in each of the two preceding months, rose 0.1 percent in April. The index for grocery store food prices declined 0.1 percent, the same as in February and March, reflecting decreases in the indexes for cereal and bakery products, for meats, poultry, fish, and eggs, and for nonalcoholic beverages. The index for meats, poultry, fish, and eggs declined for the fifth consecutive month--down 0.1 percent in April. The index for beef increased 0.2 percent in April, but was more than offset by price declines for pork and for poultry--down 1.3 and 0.5 percent, respectively. (Prior to seasonal adjustment, beef prices fell 0.2 percent in April.) The index for nonalcoholic beverages registered its second consecutive decrease--down 0.4 percent in April--reflecting declines in prices for coffee and carbonated drinks. The index for cereal and bakery products declined 0.2 percent. On the other hand, the indexes for fruits and vegetables and for dairy and related products increased 0.2 and 0.1 percent, respectively, while the index for other food at home was unchanged. The other two components of the food and beverage index--food away from home and alcoholic beverages--rose 0.2 percent and remained unchanged, respectively.

The housing component rose 0.4 percent in April. Shelter costs rose 0.4 percent, following an increase of 0.2 percent in March. Within shelter, the index for rent rose 0.2 percent, owners' equivalent rent, 0.4 percent, and the cost of lodging away from home, 1.2 percent. (Prior to seasonal adjustment, the latter index declined 0.9 percent.) The index for fuels and utilities increased 0.3 percent in April, the same as in March. The index for household fuels rose 0.4 percent; the index for electricity rose 0.6 percent, the index for natural gas was unchanged, and the index for fuel oil declined 0.8 percent. The index for household furnishings and operation increased 0.4 percent in April.

The transportation component declined for the sixth consecutive month, down 0.1 percent in April. The index for gasoline continued to fall--down 1.0 percent in April--but by substantially less than in recent months. (Prior to seasonal adjustment, gasoline prices rose 0.9 percent, their first increase since September 1997.) As of April, gasoline prices were 23.3 percent lower than their peak level of November 1990. The index for new and used vehicle prices increased 0.1 percent; the index for new vehicles was unchanged and the index for used car and truck prices advanced 0.6 percent. (See the note on page 4 for details on a correction to the March used car and truck index.) Public transportation costs declined 0.2 percent in April, reflecting a downturn in the index for airline fares. The index for airline fares, which increased 8.2 percent during the first three months of 1998, declined 0.3 percent in April.

The index for apparel declined for the second consecutive month, down 0.1 percent in April. (Prior to seasonal adjustment, apparel prices rose 0.7 percent.)

Medical care costs rose 0.4 percent in April to a level 3.0 percent above a year ago. The index for medical care commodities--prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and medical supplies--increased 0.7 percent. The index for medical care services rose 0.4 percent. Charges for professional services and for hospital and related services each increased 0.4 percent.

The index for recreation costs, which increased 0.4 percent in March, was unchanged in April. Recreational services costs rose 0.4 percent, and the index for reading material increased 0.5 percent. Declines in the indexes for sporting goods, for photography, and for toys largely offset these advances.

The index for education and communication increased 0.3 percent in April, the same as in March. In April, education costs rose 0.6 percent, reflecting increases in the indexes for educational books and for child care and nursery school. The index for communication costs was unchanged. Within the communication category, an increase in long distance telephone charges--up 1.3 percent--largely offset declines in the indexes for personal computers and peripheral equipment and for cellular telephone services--down 2.4 and 1.0 percent, respectively.

The index for other goods and services rose 1.0 percent in April. Three-fourths of the increase was attributable to a 3.8-percent increase in the index for tobacco and smoking products.

CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W)

On a seasonally adjusted basis, the CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers increased 0.3 percent in April.

* Revised, see note below.

Consumer Price Index data for May are scheduled for release on Tuesday, June 16, 1998, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT).

CPI (Old Series)

For the first six months of 1998, BLS also will calculate Old Series CPI-U and Old Series CPI-W based on the 1982-84 expenditure pattern used in the CPI from 1987 through 1997. These Old Series data are contained in tables 1(OS)-4(OS). From March to April, the Old Series CPI- U and the Old Series CPI-W rose 0.2 and 0.3 percent, respectively. Note these series are not seasonally adjusted.

Planned change in the Consumer Price Index Formula

On April 16, the Bureau of Labor Statistics announced its decision to use a new formula for calculating the basic components of the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). This change will become effective with data for January 1999. The new formula, the geometric mean estimator, will be used in index categories that comprise approximately 61 percent of total consumer spending represented by the CPI-U. The remaining index categories, which are shown in the table below, will continue to be calculated as they are currently. Based upon BLS research, it is expected that planned use of the new formula will reduce the annual rate of increase in the CPI by approximately 0.2 percentage point per year. The geometric mean estimator will be introduced in both the CPI-U and the CPI-W effective with data for January 1999, in accord with the past practice of introducing methodological changes at the beginning of a calendar year. BLS will continue to publish "overlap" CPI-U and CPI-W series using the current calculation method for the first six months of 1999. These indexes will not be published regularly for months subsequent to June 1999, but will be available upon request. Additional information on this change will be published in the April 1998 CPI Detailed Report and is available on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm). This information may also be obtained by writing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, 2 Massachusetts Ave. N.E., Room 3615 Washington, D.C. 20212 or by calling (202) 606-7000.

Arithmetic Mean (Laspeyres) Formula

1. Selected shelter services:

A) Rent of primary B) Owners' equivalent C) Housing at school, residence rent of primary excluding board residence

2. Selected utilities and government charges:

A) Electricity C) Residential water and E) Telephone services, sewerage maintenance local charges

B) Utility natural gas D) State and local F) Cable television service registration, license, and motor vehicle property tax

3. Selected medical care services:

A) Physicians' services C) Eyeglasses and eye E) Hospital services care B) Dental services D) Services by other F) Nursing homes and medical professionals adult daycare

Overview of Publication Changes

Beginning in 1998, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) introduced a new geographic area sample, a revised item structure and updated expenditure weights into the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Approximately every ten years the CPI undertakes this type of revision in order to keep the index up-to-date. Since World War II, revisions of the CPI have been introduced in 1953, 1964, 1978, and 1987.

Because the changes the CPI undergoes during each revision can have a major impact on our users, special steps were taken in order to ameliorate the effects of these changes. Beginning with the release of the January 1997 index, data series that were to be changed or dropped from publication have been footnoted in all BLS published tables. This provided an early warning for users to reconsider their use of those indexes and provided time for them to make changes in their use. The 1998 CPI Revision contains substantial changes in both the items being presented and the frequency of local area index publication.

Changes to the Item Structure

Effective in 1998, there are considerable changes to both the items being priced and the manner in which they are being aggregated in the CPI. The most notable change in presentation is a reconstruction of several major groups with a resulting change from the formerly available seven major groups to the new total of eight.

Formerly the major groups were: Food and Beverages, Housing, Apparel and Upkeep, Transportation, Medical Care, Entertainment and Other Goods and Services. Three of these groups-- Food and Beverages, Transportation, and Medical care remained the same. The Apparel group was modified to exclude apparel upkeep products and services. The Entertainment group has been slightly redefined into a major group called Recreation and a new major group, Education and Communication, has been formed from past subelements of the Housing, Entertainment and Other Goods and Services groups

Other important changes in our item structure at lower levels are an expansion of our Food Away from Home index, a reorientation of our car and truck indexes to a vehicle index, and the expansion of our information processing equipment index.

For a complete listing of the new CPI Publication Structure see Table X.

Changes to the Geographic Structure

In each revision, the CPI geographic sample is selected to be representative of the current demographics of the United States. The 1998 revision utilizes the 1990 Census of population. The CPI developed an updated area sample design, decided on new local area indexes and changed the frequency of publication for local area indexes in order to better reflect these new demographics.

In addition to the national index, the BLS formerly published indexes for 29 metropolitan areas. In 1998, it continues to publish indexes for all but two of these areas--Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY, and New Orleans, LA. Due to the revised Metropolitan Area (MA) definitions issued by the Office of Management and Budget(OMB), two other areas, Washington, DC, and Baltimore, MD, which the BLS formerly published separately, constitute a new Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area. A single index is now published for this consolidated area.

The new publication plan for local area indexes, that began with the index for January 1998, is summarized below:

* Monthly indexes are now published for the three largest metropolitan areas. Because of sample design considerations, indexes for the Philadelphia and San Francisco areas, both formerly published monthly, are now published every other month following the release of the December, 1997 index.

* Bimonthly indexes are published for the next 11 largest areas, including Atlanta and Seattle, which used to have semiannual average indexes.

* Semiannual average indexes are now published for 12 additional areas, including Pittsburgh and St. Louis, which formerly had bimonthly indexes.

* The BLS continues to publish separate indexes for the four Census regions of the United States. However, beginning in 1998, there are only two area size classes for metropolitan areas, instead of the former three: Size A - areas with a population greater than 1.5 million; and Size B/C - areas with less than 1.5 million population. This cutoff of 1.5 million in population reflects a rise from the former cutoff of 1.2 million and is important since cities in size class A are those for which the Bureau publishes city level indexes. The B/C size class is a combination of the old Size B and Size C metropolitan areas. In addition to the two metropolitan area size indexes for each region, separate Size D indexes for urban non-metropolitan areas continue to be published for both the Midwest and the South. Separate indexes for Northeast and West urban nonmetropolitan areas were discontinued in 1987.

The following is the full list of areas for which indexes are currently published, beginning in January, 1998:

1. Metropolitan Areas for which a local index is published monthly:

New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA

2. Metropolitan Areas for which a local index is published bimonthly:

In Odd Months (i.e. January, In Even Months (i.e. March, etc.) February, April, etc.)

Boston-Brockton-Nashua, MA-NH- Philadelphia-Wilmington- ME-CT Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD

Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD- San Francisco-Oakland-San VA-WV Jose, CA

Cleveland-Akron, OH Atlanta, GA

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX

Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI

Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL

Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA

3. Metropolitan Areas for which a local index is published semiannually (In January and July)

Pittsburgh, PA Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN Kansas City, MO-KS Milwaukee-Racine, WI Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI St. Louis, MO-IL Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Anchorage, AK Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO Honolulu, HI Portland-Salem, OR-WA San Diego, CA

BLS to Maintain Current Reference Base of 1982-84-100 for most CPI index series

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) previously indicated its intention to change the numerical reference base for both the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) from their present 1982-84=100 base to a 1993-95=100 base, effective with release of the January 1999 index in February 1999. BLS also indicated that the alternate, or 1967=100 base, would be discontinued in 1999 as well. This plan was initially described in the December 1996 Monthly Labor Review, a publication which contained several articles that dealt with the 1998 CPI Revision.

The BLS has now decided not to implement this rebasing plan. Instead, the BLS will maintain the reference base of 1982-84=100 used for most items. In addition, the 1967=100 reference base will continue to be the alternate base for the All Items indexes. This decision is based in part on the fact that historical data have less precision after rebasing. Rebasing is simply an arithmetic transformation that does not substantially impact the index. Because the rebased index values are smaller, however, the loss of precision due to rounding is more serious. In addition, retaining the old index reference bases would spare users the inconvenience associated with conversion.

Changes in the numerical reference base should not be confused with the plans by BLS to update the market basket of the CPI. With release of the January CPI in February 1998, the expenditure weights applied to CPI categories will be based on consumer spending patterns for 1993-95.

A Note on Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted Data

Because price data are used for different purposes by different groups, the Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes seasonally adjusted as well as unadjusted changes each month.

For analyzing general price trends in the economy, seasonally adjusted changes are usually preferred since they eliminate the effect of changes that normally occur at the same time and in about the same magnitude every year--such as price movements resulting from changing climatic conditions, production cycles, model changeovers, holidays, and sales.

The unadjusted data are of primary interest to consumers concerned about the prices they actually pay. Unadjusted data also are used extensively for escalation purposes. Many collective bargaining contract agreements and pension plans, for example, tie compensation changes to the Consumer Price Index unadjusted for seasonal variation.

Seasonal factors used in computing the seasonally adjusted indexes are derived by the X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment Method. The updated seasonal data at the end of 1977 replaced data from 1967 through 1977. Subsequent annual updates have replaced 5 years of seasonal data, e.g., data from 1993 through 1997 were replaced at the end of 1997. The seasonal movement of all items and 54 other aggregations is derived by combining the seasonal movement of 73 selected components. Each year the seasonal status of every series is reevaluated based upon certain statistical criteria. If any of the 73 components change their seasonal adjustment status from seasonally adjusted to not seasonally adjusted, not seasonally adjusted data will be used for the last 5 years, but the seasonally adjusted indexes will be used before that period.

Seasonally adjusted data, including the All items index levels, are subject to revision for up to five years after their original release. For this reason, BLS advises against the use of these data in escalation agreements.

Effective with the calculation of the seasonal factors for 1990, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has used an enhanced seasonal adjustment procedure called Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment for some CPI series. Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment allows for better estimates of seasonally adjusted data. Extreme values and/or sharp movements which might distort the seasonal pattern are estimated and removed from the data prior to calculation of seasonal factors. Beginning with the calculation of seasonal factors for 1996, X-12-ARIMA software was used for Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment.

For the fuel oil and the motor fuels indexes, this procedure was used to offset the effects that extreme price volatility would otherwise have had on the estimates of seasonally adjusted data for those series. For some women's apparel indexes and the girls' apparel index, the procedure was used to offset the effects of changes in pricing methodology. For the tobacco and smoking products index, this procedure was used to offset the effects of increases in excise taxes and wholesale tobacco prices. For some alcoholic beverage series, Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment was used to offset the effects of excise tax increases. For the Nonalcoholic beverages index, the procedure was used to offset the effects of a large increase in coffee prices due to adverse weather. For the Water and sewerage maintenance index, the procedure was used to account for a data collection anomaly.

A description of Intervention Analysis Seasonal Adjustment, as well as a list of unusual events modeled and seasonal factors for these items may be obtained by writing the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Consumer Prices and Price Indexes, Washington, DC 20212 or by calling Claire McAnaw Gallagher on (202) 606-6968.